Three Exercise Books I'm Enjoying Right Now

A pandemic is a splendid time to discover the pleasures of a good exercise book!

 (Add that to the catalog of sentences I never thought I’d have to write.)

So many musical avenues are closed to us these days, but exercise books, with their siren song of self-betterment, still beckon.

And truth be told, I’ve always loved a good exercise book. They are straightforward, promising a direct path to improvement if only you put in the time. And after spending enough time scrabbling in the weeds of musical interpretation and performance practice, mere repetition can be a relief.

Of course, the best exercise books reward your effort not only with increased skill, but with loveliness. 

Here are three exercise books I’ve been enjoying lately. One is a longtime favorite and two are recent discoveries- but all of them are worth your time.

Hans-Martin Linde: Neuzeitliche Übungsstücke für die Altblockflöte.

I’ve owned and loved this exercise book for so long that my copy is quite literally disintegrating (see above- no cover!) But every time I return to it, I discover something new.  The 22 exercises, written in a modern idiom, are musically satisfying while, almost incidentally, making a bullseye of specific skill areas.  I have shared this book with many students over the years, and to my surprise, I have found that it can be polarizing- students either adore it, as I do, or try it and shy away.

At any rate, I believe it’s a classic every serious recorder student should own.  

Where to buy: There are innumerable places to buy music these days. But I tend to order from recorder specialty purveyors like Honeysuckle Music or Von Huene Workshop- both knowledgeably staffed and open for orders during the pandemic.

Alison Melville: Hors d’Oeuvres.

Hors d’Oeuvres, by the Canadian recorder player and teacher Alison Melville, has only been out for a few years, but it’s quickly becoming one of the exercise books I use most with my students.  Like the Linde, the exercises in Hors d’Oeuvres are musically satisfying- absolutely no hardship to repeat.  They are also somewhat easier technically than the exercises in the other books discussed here, so while the book has much to offer advanced players, it is more accessible to players in intermediate stages of their recorder journeys.  And finally, the exercises are neo-baroque in style, so if a student balks at Linde or other more “modern” exercise books, I’ll often direct them here.

Where to buy: You can pick up a copy at Alison’s website.  

Héloïse Degrugillier: Exercises for the Alto Recorder- Mostly

Boston-based recorder player and teacher Héloïse Degrugillier published this book in 2019, and I am really enjoying getting to know it during this pandemic!  What I particularly like about this book is the way in which every exercise takes on a specific recorder issue- and that these issues are not restricted to tricky fingerings.  There’s an exercise for syncopation, an exercise for low F and high F, and exercise for low chromatic passagework—even one for switching instruments.  I also enjoy that each exercise is accompanied by some short but sweet technical instruction.  This one is not for the faint of heart, but it is well worth the effort.

Where to buy: Contact Héloïse directly: heloise.degrugillier@gmail.com

What is a Learning Community, and How Can it Help You Stay Motivated?

It’s amazing how quickly the calendar becomes blank.  In February, I was facing down a whirlwind spring.  Now, a long, bare spring and summer stretch ahead, and I’m wondering if my September and October work will get cancelled, too.

This photo of hands totally makes me low-grade nervous now!

No concerts means nothing to practice for, so in addition to upending my daily life, COVID has blown apart my practicing routine. I literally have nothing for the foreseeable future for which I must practice.  I could do anything- but there’s nothing I must do. That’s a disconcerting feeling!

I know I’m not alone.  Concerts are canceled, recorder societies are on hiatus…we’ve all lost our regular playing outlets.  And without a specific event to practice for, it gets harder to maintain a quality practice routine —at least for me.

For about a week after the last of my spring concerts was cancelled, I drifted.  I played through one thing after another, hopping around, not bothering to invest much time or energy in anything.

After seven or eight days of that, I’d had enough. I needed structure and accountability, and if the world wasn’t going to provide them for me, I’d have to set them up for myself.

I decided to form a learning community.

What is a learning community?  Loosely, a learning community is a group of learners progressing together through a project. (Obviously, these days, your learning community will be online.) Membership in a learning community can benefit your practice by providing structure and social accountability- both powerful motivators. And it can help your fellow community members find the same. 

Interested in forming your own learning community? All you need is a project, some people, a platform, and some ground rules.  Let’s look at each of these things a little more in-depth.

Project

A project helps to focus your endeavor and make your conversation relevant, a little like a book club for music. It also provides your group with a built-in-structure. For my community’s project,  I proposed digging in to Telemann’s solo fantasias for viola da gamba, recently published in an arrangement for recorder by Girolamo. The original facsimile for viol is also available on imslp, which made for a nice opportunity to refer back to the source.

Other possible projects: Telemann’s solo fantasias for recorder, Van Eyck’s Der Fluyten Lust Hof, Bach’s cello suites….the possibilities are legion.  I think a multi-part collection is a good bet, since it looks like we’ll all be immured for a while. And working on solo music seems, at least to me, a little bit less sad.

People

I selected a project first, and then put out a call to other professional players to see if anyone was interested in joining me.  Five said yes, and I am grateful to them.  While the playing levels within your learning community can vary, I do think it’s helpful if you’re all more or less in the same range- it will make it easier to dig into the repertoire and support one another. I also like an open call rather than a specific ask- some people might not need or want a project like this during this time, and that’s OK.

Procedure and Platform

Before you start, lay out some kind of schedule or procedure.  In my community, the plan was originally to tackle one fantasia per week (there are 12), but we’ve since realized we should the window for each fantasia to two weeks.  Within the course of that fortnight (and beyond), everyone is encouraged (not required!) to engage publically in some way with the selected fantasia-.  The engagement could be posing a question or making a comment, submitting a video file or even offering a live performance.  I made a private Facebook group for my learning community, but you could also communicate via email, zoom call, or another method your group finds convenient.

Ground Rules

I think this can be pretty loose, but you might consider agreeing as a group to the following:

1)    What happens in the group stays in the group (no public sharing of private files)

2)    Don’t expect perfection- of yourself or others.  Learning communities work best when you are not afraid to share, improve, and learn.

I’m only a few weeks into my project, but it’s already giving me some of the structure I need, and I’m excited to see it through. And If you form or have formed a learning community, I’m interested in hearing about it- drop me a line at anne@annetimberlake.com

Recorder in the time of COVID-19

In the face of global pandemic, what is a recorder player to do?

As I write this, my upcoming travel plans are draining away- one workshop after another is cancelling or postponing. COVID-19 is hitting the recorder world hard. So many of our activities depend on gathering together, so when we can’t, we face significant disruption.

Seeing as how so many of us may soon be hunkered at home trying to wait out the contagion, I’ve been giving some thought to how we can continue to grow musically during such an isolated and difficult time!

Here are five ideas:

Chain Your Practice

One of the few things we may soon have a wealth of is time. And how better to spend that time than making your practice habitual? Jerry Seinfeld’s “don’t break the chain” method for creative output is focused not on results, but on consistency- you get yourself a blank calendar and X out the first day you practice. Then you do it again the next day. The idea is to keep X-ing, without breaking the chain. Again, the emphasis isn’t on duration of practice- it’s on the everydayness. If you can make practice a part of your everyday, it will pay amazing dividends down the line.

Embrace solitude!

Turn isolation into a plus by tackling some of the wonderful music that’s out there for unaccompanied recorder. The postal system still works, so try motivating yourself by purchasing a quality edition of one of the following…or any other solo music that fits the bill.

• Telemann: 12 Fantasias for Solo flute (recorder version)

• Van Eyck: Der Fluyten Lusthof

• Bassasno: Ricercate

Record and Replay

Recording yourself can be uncomfortable at first, but it pays off. You’ll be able to analyze your own playing much more keenly and deeply than you can in real time, and that can only help you grow. You can also fake a duet partner by recording yourself playing one part, and then playing the other part as you play the recording back. Pro tip: If you do this, DEFINITELY use a metronome as you record. Because you won’t have two parties able to respond to rhythmic fluctuations in real time, at least one part must be rock solid.

Go Online

Facetime, Skype, Zoom, and other platforms help us connect with one another across vast distances. Although the time lag makes it impossible to play simultaneously with another person online, you are able to listen to one another play and talk back and forth with ease. Now is a great time to take some online recorder lessons, or simply call up a friend and take turns playing for one another. No mask required!

Dream

You may not be able to meet up with your fellow recorder players at the moment, but you can start thinking about what you’ll want to play when you can. Explore new music online, either via hunting for scores or listening to recordings. When the pandemic passes, you’ll be ready.

Change What You Say to Change How You Play

I’ve developed an accidental sideline teaching teachers. I think it’s because of how much I enjoy teaching recorder technique. If you’ve never received formal instruction on an instrument, it makes teaching technique more difficult, so I have a number of experienced musicians and teachers in my studio who have sought me out to help ground their recorder instruction and fill in technical gaps.

I love all teaching, but I especially enjoy teaching teachers because they are interested in, and very thoughtful about, the learning process.  I inevitably come away from my lessons with teachers having learned something new.

Case in point: A few weeks ago, I was having a FaceTime lesson with a teaching colleague who is looking to improve her recorder skills.  I was introducing her to long tones, that staple of recorder practice, explaining how the ultimate goal of long tones the goal of long tones wasn’t so much length as beauty- each one was a chance to practice producing your most exquisite tone.

My student looked thoughtful.

“So you call them long tones, but length isn’t the most important thing?”

The question stopped me in my tracks.  Length was definitely not the most important part of long tones, so why did I call them that?  The answer was simple: tradition.  I called them long tones because my teacher did, and her teacher before her, and because they are called long tones by other teachers all across the country.

But my student’s question was insightful.  By calling something a “long tone,” I was priming students for prioritization of length, even though tone quality was the more important learning goal.  And sure, I could explain and elaborate, steer students away from taking enormous breaths to squeeze out notes for as long as possible, but why was I using a word I would subsequently need to spend energy fighting against?

I’m going to rename “long tones.”   I haven’t figured out the perfect thing to call them yet, but I’m determined that it will be something that more directly primes my students for what the exercise is about.  “Tone work,” maybe, or “smooth tones.”  (If you have any brilliant ideas, let me know!)

Because if you’ve managed to become an adult, you’ve long since realized that the old playground adage “sticks and stones may break my bones, but words can never hurt me” is false.  Words are powerful.  They can hurt you, but they can also help you.  And thanks to my student, I’ve been thinking a lot about how changing the words we use can help us be better musicians.

Another substitution I’m planning to make is swapping “fast” for “fleet.”  “Fast” conjures forward-leaning effort, and tends to lead to tension and fear.  “Fleet,” on the other hand, conjures lightness and ease, which is much more what I’m usually after.

And I routinely substitute “challenging” for “hard.” Challenging carries with it implicit effort, and the idea that effort can surmount difficulty.  “Hard “ is just….hard. I also use “emerging” in place of “poor” when describing sight reading, because we are never, ever stuck where we are.

How can you shift what you say to improve how you play?

The five things I wish every one-day workshop student knew

Leading a class at Pinewoods Early Music Week

2020 seems to be my year for one-day workshops.   I always give a few, but in 2020 I am slated to give a somewhat shocking 10. (Please come join me in Lakeland, FL; Atlanta, GA; Palm Beach, FL; St. Louis, MO; Manhattan, KS; Boston, MA; Quincy, IL; Buffalo, NY; Nashville, TN, and Philadelphia, PA! I will probably still be standing at the end!)

I enjoy one-day workshops. They’re an interesting middle ground between a chapter meeting and a full-on weeklong recorder extravaganza. You don’t usually get the breadth and depth a weeklong workshop offers, but you do get the chance to devote yourself wholly to playing and learning for one full day.  And there is usually free coffee!

With the number of workshops I’m doing this year, I’ve been thinking a lot about what would help a student get the most out of a one-day experience. So here are the five things I wish I could make sure every student knew before signing up:

1) We’re here to help!  

Your clinician is not here to judge you, your playing, or your chapter’s playing.  We’re here because we love helping people make music in community, and we want to grow your skills and deepen your enjoyment.  We genuinely love what we do, and we’re excited to introduce you to some of the music we love! 

2) You’ll feel overwhelmed- or underwhelmed.  Or both.

Of the one day workshops at which I’ve taught, the majority feature only one clinician.   This means that players of many differening levels are together in one big group.  It is therefore impossible for your clinician to select music at the perfect level for all members of the group (though we do have some tricks up our sleeves to help balance levels).  Some of the music will be too hard for some of you.  Concentrate on doing the best you can do in the moment, and remember that every person is at a different place on his or her musical journey, and that is 100% OK! Conversely, some of the music may feel too easy for some of you.  Spoiler alert: No music is ever too easy for anyone.  There is always something you can learn while playing.  If a piece feels too easy, give yourself an extra assignment, like mentally tracking the alto part, or concentrating on producing your most beautiful sound.

3) Try a little technique 

As a clinician, I always try to work a little bit of technique into my one day workshops, either formally or informally.  And I highly recommend that students be on the alert for these technical nuggets.  You can always play through music on your own, but technical expertise is part of what you pay a professional for.

4) Go in with a goal.

When I recommend a one-day workshop to one of my private students, I will often either give them, or ask them to develop, a goal.  This could be as simple as playing the last note of every piece, or trying out tenor on one piece.  Talk to someone from another chapter (one day workshops often draw regionally) or sit next to someone you’ve never played beside before.  Your goals are only limited by your imagination! But you’ll get more out of a workshop if you go in with one.

5) You’ll get tired

Most one-day workshops feature at least four 1.25 hour playing sessions, with maybe some technique mixed in.  That is a lot more playing than most people do on most days, so by the end of the day, it is more than likely that you’ll be both physically and mentally tired. Hopefully in a good way!  But prepare for the fatigue, and cut yourself some slack as the day wears on.  By 4:00 PM, you likely won’t be as fresh or as sharp as you were at 9:00 AM, and that’s OK.  Making sure you have plenty of water (or, ahem, free coffee) to drink can help, as can reminding yourself to play in a relaxed way. And don’t be afraid to take breaks when you need them: Your clinician understands, and will not be offended.

Happy workshopping, and I’ll hope to see you on the road!

All I really need to know about dealing with my inner critic, I learned from my three-year-old.

Perhaps it is a side effect of parenting two small and intermittently obstreperous beings, but lately my teaching metaphors skew toddler.  Make a face like a fish!  Spit! Blow through the notes like you’re pushing spaghetti through cheerios!

Hopefully my students will wait me out until I can get back to rivers and pearls.

But there’s one facet of music-making in which thinking like a parent pays immediate and powerful dividends. And that’s dealing with your inner critic.

Most of you have met your inner critic. I sure have. It’s that insidious, interior voice that whispers to you while you’re playing.  It says “oh, hey, you’re about to mess up.”  Or, “geez, you sound terrible.”  “You’re never going to get this.” “Why are you even bothering.”  “Failed again!”

But here’s the thing: Your inner critic is basically a three-year-old.  However savvy it is about your vulnerabilities, however fulsome its vituperative vocabulary, it responds to the same techniques that work on small children.  And knowing that, you may already have the tools you need to keep your inner from running amok:

Set up for success:

Teachers and parents know to set up a kid’s environment to facilitate good behavior. You don’t leave your Ming vase lying around if you don’t want it smashed. You don’t put out a candy bowl if you don’t want to fight over Kit Kats.  If you want your inner critic to behave, set yourself up for success by making sure you’ve practiced adequately and in a variety of contexts.

Give it a job:

Kids make trouble when they have nothing to do.  But if you give a kid meaningful, engaging work, chances are they’ll be too busy to misbehave.  Your inner critic is the same way.  Your conscious mind can really only deal with one thing at a time, so if you can occupy it with specific job, it can’t start to make trouble. Try listening to the bass line as you play, concentrating on tone, or keying in on the feeling of relaxation in your fingers.  This is probably the technique that is most useful for me personally.

Speak slowly, clearly, and positively:

Little kids do best when you give them a brief, specific instruction that’s positively phrased. Your inner critic is the same way. If you feel your inner critic start to kick in and want to stop it, try a simple rejoinder like “enough.”

Ignore, ignore, ignore:

You may not be able to control what your three-year-old does or what your inner critic says to you.  But you can definitely control your reaction. If you pitch a fit when your three-year-old draws on the wall to get your attention, he’ll probably repeat the action. Similarly, if you have a big physical or verbal reaction every time you make a mistake (UGGGGGHHHH! GOD!!! WHY?!?), you’re reinforcing the idea that mistakes are a big, scary, awful deal.  If you keep calmly moving past them, they lose their power.

Don’t take it personally

I once asked a successful pre-school teacher what her secret was.  “I don’t take anything they do personally,” she said. This is a useful tack to take your inner critic, too. Your inner critic is not your fault, nor is its presence a reflection on your worth as a person or a musician.

It’s a marathon, not a sprint

This is what we parents tell ourselves when the floor is covered with spaghetti sauce and two children are screaming to get on our laps at the same time.  No single pasta disaster or practice session or performance is the be all and end all.  Whatever happens in the moment, pick yourself up and keep on playing.

Aim High: Sharpen Your Soprano Skills

Photo credit: Tim Brown

This post also appears as part of the American Recorder Society’s ARS Nova eMag. To subscribe to ARS Nova, click here.

Ah, the soprano recorder- scourge of ensembles... childhood torture device… a thing of beauty and a joy forever!

Confession time: I wholeheartedly adore the soprano recorder.  I pretended for a long time that the tenor was my favorite size of recorder, but I was lying to myself.  My favorite size is the soprano. It is clear, pure, and melodic.  It’s exquisitely sensitive.  And it is very, very easy to hear.

But as it is with so many of us, the soprano’s strengths are also its weaknesses.  Because of its sensitivity, it is easy to play out of tune.  And because of its power, every little slip-up is spectacularly audible.  Couple that with the fact that many beginning players start on, or only play, soprano, and you can see why the instrument gets a bad rap. 

And that’s sad! Played well, the soprano can be stunning.  It just requires extra care- and of course, practice.  If you’re looking to increase your comfort on the soprano, here are my top tips:

Consider the alto

Don’t laugh!  I know that’s an odd start to a soprano primer, but if you are a beginner looking to join an ensemble, consider learning the alto first, unless there is a particular reason not to. The alto is a slightly more forgiving instrument with greater flexibility of role, and you’ll be able to learn the nitty-gritty of producing a nice sound before you have to soar into the stratosphere.  You’ll also be more popular in ensemble.  

Sips of air

Here’s the thing about soprano- the amount of air you should be dealing with is only slightly more than the volume of your resting breath (that’s the air you take in and exhale while you are sitting reading this article).  It’s exatraordinarily easy to overblow on soprano, and that will not produce a nice sound.  So when you inhale, think of taking in (and spending) small sips of air.  You never want to take in more air than you need on the recorder, and for the soprano, you often need less than you think.

No fear!  No apologies!

Overblowing is more common than underblowing, but I also hear soprano players who seem to be afraid of, or sorry for, for, their sound.  The soprano recorder is like a three-year-old.  You must show it, kindly, that you are in charge. Screaming and yelling at the three-year-old does not work.  But neither does hesitation and fear.  The three-year-old will listen if you are calm and confident.  People WILL hear you if you’re playing soprano, and you shouldn’t apologize for that with your tone 

Practice

It almost, but not quite, goes without saying.  If you want to get better at playing the soprano recorder, you must practice the soprano recorder.  Every recorder is different, and while practice on one may generalize to some extent on another, the only thing that will really work is specifically practicing the thing at which you want to improve..  If you only play soprano during ensembles, and never on your own time, you’re missing out on an opportunity to improve your ensemble playing.  Time spent practicing soprano with a drone is particularly useful.   

Listen hard

Here’s the thing- soprano recorder players must listen harder, and more tenaciously, than anyone else in the ensemble.  Why do I say this?  First, the intervallic distance between you and the bass is larger than it is for any other part.  In order to play in tune with the bass, you have to cast your ear down through a vast gulf of octaves.  That can be tricky, so you definitely need to be paying attention.  You’re also super audible on the soprano, so if you’re not listening, it’s immediately apparent.  Then there’s issue of melodic temptation- you often have nice melody parts when you’re playing soprano, so the temptation to listen too much to yourself can be great! Resist!  If you’re playing soprano, your ears should be wide open.

Check your hearing

It is an unfortunate truth that our high frequency hearing is usually the first thing to go.  If you are aging, and/or you’ve accumulated noise exposure in your lifetime, there is a solid chance that your high frequency hearing is not what it used to be.  This can be extremely problematic for playing in tune in the soprano’s range, as you may not be able to hear all the acoustic information you need to accurately adjust your pitch. If you are concerned that your high frequency hearing is compromised, see an audioloigst.  You can also ask a buddy to check your tuning if you can’t trust your own ears, or periodically check in with a tuner. 

See you in the stratosphere!

How to Deal with Envy

I know you know the feeling: you’re scrolling through someone’s Facebook feed, or reading an upcoming concert announcement, and there it is-  someone else playing that awesome gig you really wanted, someone else teaching that workshop you used to do, someone else forming a group you really wish you’ belonged to, someone else breaking in an instrument you’d sacrifice a decent chunk of your future cheese-eating to get your hands on.

Ah, someone else. We all know someone else, because someone else is a fixture. Someone else is multi-talented.  Someone else knows everyone, and can do everything. Someone else will always, always be traveling alongside us on the road.

Because the arts are a competitive field, other people’s successes can, at times, feel like personal failures.  Why not me? I might ask, when I see someone else snag that terrific job.  What’s wrong with me?

As musicians, I think more of us struggle with professional envy than we let on.  Envy is not attractive, and it is not something other people want to be around.  And so most of us simply stew in it silently, or try, with varying success, to crush it.

So here’s my call for change.  Let’s talk about envy. Because guess what?  Like everything else we do in music, we can get better at managing envy with the aid of our hero, deliberate practice!

Next time you catch yourself mired in envy, try coming up with a response, a script or routine you can practice running through every time unhelpful, envious thoughts bubble up. 

If you’re thinking: I really wanted that.....

Try: I’m grateful for...  For every person you envy, there is probably someone who envies you.  I may not have gotten X gig, but I did get Y.  I may not get to do Z, but A was pretty amazing while it lasted.  Any time you become fixated on what you don’t have, take the time to run through a list of the things you do have.

If you’re thinking: She’s so better much than I am….

Try: What can I learn?  Envying someone’s skills can be incredibly motivating.   What is it about X’s playing that you love, and how can you improve your skills in that area? What makes Y such a terrific teacher, and what can you do to be more like her?

If you’re thinking: That’s not fair….or, What’s wrong with me…. 

Try: Do the work. You’re making music because, at some level, you love the work, the actual process of doing what you do. I play because I love the work.  I teach because I love the work. When I can focus myself on the labor itself, as opposed to its fruits, I am stronger and more grateful.

I’m still practicing- and I hope you will, too.

How to Pick the Perfect Tempo

How fast should I go?

Hint: Not this fast

This is one of the most frequent questions I get from students, and it’s also a question I repeatedly ask myself in the course of my own music preparation.   Tempo can make or break a piece, and choosing the right one is an essential part of your job as a musician.

Of course, “the right tempo” is a bit of a misnomer because there is usually a range of “perfect” tempos that can work for a particular piece, and that range often broadens as you gain expressivity and skill as a musician.

But if you choose a tempo that doesn’t work, both you and your listeners will know it: The piece will, in some essential way, refuse to come alive. Finding the right tempo is like plugging music into an electrical circuit: Suddenly, it shines.

So how do you choose? Unfortunately for quick-fix fans, the decision is fairly complex, requiring a consideration of multiple, often interlocking factors.  So buckle up, folks: this is going to be a long one.

What is the tempo designation?

When you start to think about tempo, this is the obvious starting point. An adagio is going to be slower than an allegro, for example, and a larghetto is going to be faster than a largo. Great!

But you have to be careful, because it isn’t, as many students want it to be, a straight shot between vivace and the handily shaded vivace range on your metronome.  First of all, metronomes were invented in the nineteenth century, so you really shouldn’t apply a modern-day metronome maker’s take on vivace to music written in, say, 1727.  And for baroque music, tempo designations are often most usefully interpreted as designations of character, not speed (though these concepts are intertwined).  Vivace, for example, means “lively,” and you can be lively at a variety of different speeds

How fast can you play the piece with ease?

This provides you with an obvious upper limit for your tempo selection.  Notice I said “how fast can you play the piece with ease?” and not “how fast can you play the piece?” When you play with ease, you have relaxed body positioning.  You can play with good consistency, as well as with a minimum of mental and physical effort.   If you can’t play a piece with ease within the range of that piece’s musically desirable tempos, you should probably choose another piece to perform in public, although playing at a slower tempo can still be a fabulous learning experience.

What do you know about the piece?

This is where you get to break out all the musical knowledge you’ve been steadily squirreling away from teachers, books, articles, and colleagues.  A chorale, for example, will have a tempo that is very different from a dance….and if you’re playing a dance, the type of dance matters.  A sarabande is going to have a very different tempo (and character) from a gavotte- though to add complexity, this can vary by time period and geographic origin.   If a piece is vocal, you know the tempo needs to be slow enough for the text to be comprehensible.   If you know Bach wrote a flute sonata for a player of particular skill, that piece might be faster than some other works for flute.  A triple meter often suggests more speed than a duple meter.  And on and on. Nerdery for the win!

What’s the mood?

Mood is another tempo indicator, often entwined with key.  Something doleful in minor is probably going to be slower than something peppy in major, though there are always exceptions.  On a more fine-grained level, it tends to work well to select a few words to describe the character of the piece, and use them to help guide you toward a tempo.  Is a piece martial?  Forlorn?  Cute? Lyrical?  All of these suggest different speeds.  And if there is text, what is its content?  You’re definitely going to take a piece about, oh, say, chickens at a different speed than you’re going to take a piece about death.

What is the harmonic rhythm or density?

This is among the most nerdy and intimidating of tempo clues, but it is also one of the most useful, so it’s absolutely worth learning how to assess.  Basically, we are asking ourselves: How easy is a piece to listen to?  As listeners, we need more time to process complex harmony than simple harmony, and we need more time to process changes in harmony than we do harmony that stays the same.  So if a piece has a lot of different chords, one after another, the performer has to take it slower than a piece that features only a chord or two per bar. Or if a piece has complex or unusual harmony, it’s likely to be slower than a piece that contains only two or three chords.

If you haven’t yet had the chance to hack your way through a music theory course or two, a pretty fair cheat, at least in pieces with figured bass, is to look at the numbers underneath the staff.  Are there are a lot of them, and are they close together?  Then you likely have a piece with high harmonic density/complexity, and you should take it relatively more slowly.  Are there only a few in the whole piece?  You’ve probably got low harmonic density/complexity, and you might consider going faster.

What just happened?  What will happen next?

Say you’ve just played an andante as the opening movement of your sonata.  Next comes an allegro ma non troppo.  If you play them at a tempo that is too similar, your listeners are going to get bored.  If every slow movement in your partita is exactly the same tempo, your listeners are going to get bored.  If every piece on a program is played as fast as possible, your listeners are going to get bored….you get the idea. The name of the game is contrast, and in general, the more, the better.  

Red herrings

Here are some things I DON’T think about when I try to find a piece’s best tempo.

Note values   This is a common misapprehension among beginning musicians.  A piece isn’t slow just because there are two whole notes per bar.  Nor is it fast just because you see a lot of black notes.  

Breathing  Your breathing should adapt to your tempo, not the other way around. Don’t take things too fast simply because you would otherwise have to take a breath. Instead, learn to breathe quickly and quietly, without interrupting the musical line.

The named ranges on your metronome  Step away from your metronome’s tempo chart.  Just step away. 

How fast that one dude was playing it on Youtube Maybe it works for him, maybe it doesn’t- but you want something that works for you.  And Youtube is full of crazy. 

I’ve done everything you said: Now what?  

In a word, experiment. Take all your data, make your analysis, and try out some tempos.  Some will feel too fast or too slow; one, or several, may feel “right.” And some may feel “right” only with practice, so it’s worth giving things more than one shot. Over time, your tempo selection process should become faster, more intuitive and, I hope, more fun!

Five Ways to Practice Performing Without Leaving Your Living Room

The only way to get better at performing is to perform.

You may have heard this one.  I know I have. It’s even come out of my mouth a time or two.

But the thing is, it’s not entirely true.

Yes, there’s a lot of truth to it. Practicing the tricky bits of a Handel sonata in your living room feels a whole lot different then playing them in front of a crowd, and the only way to really understand that, deep in your bones, is to take a deep breath and head onstage.

Performing and playing are intimately related skills, but they are different, and if there’s anything I’ve learned in my years of playing and teaching, is that effective practice is skill-specific. In other words, you must practice exactly what you want to learn. 

Let’s say you have a performance in October...but that performance is your only scheduled performance, and it’s already August. How are you supposed to prepare? You’re not looking to be bodily assumed into Carnegie Hall, but you do want to do justice to the music you love. If the only way to get better at performing is to perform, are you out of luck? Should you simply throw up your hands and hope for the best?

You could, but you could also harness that most human of superpowers, self-deception!

In short, you can create situations in which some part of you believes you are performing, even if you’re not.

How, you ask? There are a lot of options, but here are five:

Keep going.  Often, when we practice, we are not running through our entire piece.  Instead, we zero in on difficult passages, trying out different interpretations, fixing mistakes, and seeking to improve our execution.  And that is as it should be! But it’s also important to get in a few “performance” runs, in which you practice keeping going no matter what.  Continuing to play after a mistake is a skill, and you need to practice it. 

Mirror, mirror. One of the simplest ways to trick yourself into thinking you’re being watched is to  play in front of a mirror.  A mirror is not an audience, but it does increase your self-awareness in the same way an audience does, and that can be a helpful trick.

Record yourself.  This is maybe my favorite way to fake myself out.  If you’re recording yourself, you feel some of the same pressure not to make mistakes as you’ll feel in performance.  You also have the bonus of a recording you can play back to get a better sense of what you want to change or improve about your playing.

Play for Spot.  Try playing for your pet (if he or she will stay still).  Do not take the pet’s reaction personally! Spouses, parents, and children are other, sometimes more docile, options.

Phone a friend.  Do you have a friend or relative who is willing to Skype with you for ten minutes?  Perhaps you have a colleague who wants to do a performance exchange?  Make a Skype date and “perform” over the ether for one another. 

Good luck!

Process vs. Product

How do you get a student to articulate more clearly?

This topic came up in the faculty lounge at a recent workshop (I know- we recorder teachers know how to party).  Clutching our workshop snacks, we began to call out suggestions.  Review oral anatomy!  Shape the desired tongue placement from an /s/!  Cue teeth closed!   Anchor tongue against back teeth!  Think about spitting a watermelon seed and shape from there!

The inquiring teacher had tried a number of these tricks, but he filed away the new ones to bring back at home.  

Then a colleague chimed in with “tell the student you want a clearer sound.”

“Huh,” we said.

“I haven’t tried that,” mused the first teacher.

It was a good reminder for me.  As a teacher, and particularly as a teacher with a strong interest in technique and a detailed knowledge of the anatomy and physiology behind what we do as recorder players, I tend to focus on process- here’s where your tongue placement should be on this particular syllable, here’s how the articulators should move, here’s what you should feel, etc.

And very often, this works.  After all, breaking down particular skills and teaching, step by step, how to acquire and execute them, is the bread and butter of teaching.  

But sometimes, with some students in some situations, you actually get further by emphasizing product- make a clear sound.  Find a beautiful tone.  Make this part smoother. 

It’s definitely not a panacea- if an emphasis on product were all that was required to learn an instrument, we’d all be instant virtuosi. But occasionally, a student can get so bogged down in the details of process that it is actually better to skip to the goal and then, once achieved, work backward from there to gain a better understanding of the steps required to meet it.

A flexible teacher is able to work from both directions, supporting process while also highlighting product, and toggling between the two as necessary.

Something to take with me as I travel homeward.

My Fourth Best Practice Hack

I used to shirk preparing my music.

This is because score prep is one of my least favorite musical activities, right behind music stand assembly and disassembly.  I resent printing out my music, dislike hole punching and taping, abhor cutting and pasting, and lack enthusiasm for binder assembly. And don’t even get me started on numbering my measures.

As a result, I used to postpone this chore as long as possible, often until hours before the gig.  This ultimately was a time waster- practicing with an unprepared score or part is simply less efficient than practicing from something that is performance ready.

Then, a few years ago, I discovered a simple cognitive trick that allowed me embrace (or at least tolerate) all the musical chores I’d been squirming out of.

I called them practice.  

See, I’m pretty good at getting myself to practice.  On the “Big Five” personality traits, I score the highest on conscientiousness. I may not be able to practice as much as I did when I was young and unencumbered by adult obligations (anyone else spend hours tracking down a gutter company this week?), but it’s an extremely rare day that I don’t practice at all, and I prioritize it in my schedule.

By calling music preparation “practice,” I suddenly had time for it, because I’d blocked out time to practice.  I also found myself resenting it less- instead of having to take time I didn’t have for a dreaded chore, I was fulfilling my obligation to practice.  And the time it took away from more traditional practice was time I ultimately got back by not having to shuffle through stacks of paper hunting for my music, or negotiate reading from too many pages at once.

I’ve since done the same thing with recorder maintenance (another hated chore), music organization, and directed listening, which is something I don’t hate, but which tended to get pushed to the back burner.  

In short, by making my definition of practice more elastic, I am able to accomplish more.

And you know what, these tasks really are practice. They are activities I undertake to improve my playing, and what is practice if not that?

If your challenge is getting yourself into the practice room in the first place, this hack may not work for you.  But it’s been a game changer for me, and for several of my students.  

So happy practicing, whatever form it takes! (And my best, second-best, and third-best practice hacks? Try here, here, and here.)

Why Go to a Summer Workshop?

Before I became a recorder player, I had no idea that summer workshops were a thing. And when I discovered they were, I was skeptical.  You mean people voluntarily subjected themselves to dorm room living after college? For fun?

Now, of course, summer workshops anchor my season.  Some workshops I teach every year and some I rotate through, but I enjoy them all, and I can’t imagine my year without these weeks devoted to learning and growing with students and colleagues.

But if you’re new to recorder world, you might be wondering, as I did, why you’d invite college cafeteria food back into your life.  

First off, cafeteria food has improved immensely since you and I went to college! 

Second, and more importantly, there are opportunities available at summer workshops that are tough to come by during day-to-day life or smaller weekend workshops. Here are a few:

Perspective

No matter how much you love your local teacher, there are limits to each person’s knowledge, abilities, and time.  Summer workshops almost always offer a large slate of faculty, and getting to know multiple teachers can open you up to new ways of thinking and playing, expose you to new repertoire, or give you a different angle on something you’ve been working toward. 

Depth

During a weekend workshop, it’s simply not possible to delve deeply into techniques, repertoire, or concepts.  Summer workshops tend to be longer, somewhere around a week, and this allows you more time to deepen your understanding and build skills.

Connections 

Summer workshops draw regionally and nationally, so you’re able to make connections with other players outside your local sphere. Peer to peer learning at workshops is real and invaluable. Maybe you’ve always wanted to try out a comfort tenor, or talk to someone who has put together a school concert. Someone at the workshop can probably help you out!

Focus

Do you dream of a class devoted entirely to the hurdy gurdy?  Are you keen to try out crumhorn or play with harpsichord? How about a class devoted to music for bass recorders?  Summer workshops, with their large student and faculty pools, are the place to do this.

Time 

For those of us with many commitments outside of playing the recorder, the most precious gift summer workshops offer is time.  Think about how much time you spend each day working, cooking, cleaning, commuting, etc.  Now sweep all of that away and replace it with large blocks of time devoted to music, punctuated by meals someone else makes. Sound good?  (EDITOR’S NOTE: IT’S GLORIOUS!)

Are you interested in giving a summer workshop a try?  There are many good workshops out there. But here are the four where you can find me this year:

Virginia Baroque Performance Academy

Unique, intimate workshop in the Shenandoah Valley offering recorder masterclass and mixed-instrument baroque chamber ensembles.  Capped enrollment; ideal for more advanced amateur players. Recorder and voice classes are full this year but spots still available for viola da gamba, harpsichord, and violin.

 Mountain Collegium

Exceptionally well-run early music and folk workshop in the North Carolina Mountains.  I’ve taught many times at this workshop and am always impressed by its friendliness.  It’s also a great place to try something new. 

Mideast

It’s my second outing at this longtime Pittsburgh-based workshop.   It boasts a devoted following and a number of faculty you won’t catch anywhere else on the circuit.

Pinewoods

It’s my first time at this beloved Massachusetts institution!

Hope to see you in the lunch line!

Oops! I Did It Again

Here’s the deal: You’re going to mess up.

How do I know this? I’ve been playing and performing for nearly 30 years, and teaching for almost 20.  I’ve messed up a lot.  My students have messed up a lot. Messing up is a natural part of the learning process.  It’s also something that, at least for the vast majority of us mortals, never entirely goes away.  It’s part of our humanity (and, as such, contains a few drams of beauty).

Yes, you definitely want to minimize the frequency and audibility of your mess-ups, particularly in performance.  But in my experience, an intense preoccupation with accuracy almost always comes at the expense of musicianship.  If you’re terrified of messing up, you’re less likely to really listen to the sound you are producing, the shapes you’re making, and how those shapes fit with the shapes being made around you.  You’re less likely to take risks.  You’re less likely to enjoy the music you’re playing, which will, in turn, diminish the likelihood that you’ll be able to transmit that enjoyment to your listeners.

To dredge up a basketball metaphor from my years of rabid childhood fandom, you want to play offense, not defense.

This is not to say that you abandon all sense and simply run toward the basket (traveling!), or smash willy nilly into the opposition (charging, people). Offense is an art, not an expression of brute force.   But staying on offense is important.

I’ve even heard colleagues make the suggestion to go ahead and make a mistake early in each performance, deliberately, to get it out of the way, so that the rest of the time can be spent getting down to the far more important business of communicating what there is to love about whatever it is you’re playing.

I haven’t ever dared to do that. But the impulse makes sense to me.

I had a series of performances last week.  I prepared for them as rigorously as I could- but yes, I messed up.  And so did most of my colleagues.  After which we picked ourselves up as quickly as possible and got back to the business of making music.

Rusher or Repeater: What's Your Musical Learning Style?

Are you a rusher or a repeater?

Every musician and music student I know leans one way or the other, and I think understanding your tendency can help you better structure your practice and improve your skills.

So which one are you?

If you love sinking your teeth into a new piece but squirm when you have to perfect something you already know, you might be a rusher.  Rushers have many strengths: they are curious, they love to explore, and they are often strong sight readers.  But they’ll sometimes balk at being asked to repeat a piece, and need a push to work toward perfecting something already familiar.  

Repeaters, on the other hand, bask in the familiar.  If, during your practice, you catch yourself playing the same pieces over and over again, or if you need a push to tackle unfamiliar music, you might be a repeater.  Repeaters also have strengths, such as patience, high boredom thresholds, and a desire to comprehend deeply.  But they’ll need a push to tackle things outside of their comfort zones.

Recognize yourself? It’s a continuum, so most people fall somewhere in the middle of the extremes.  But I can definitely pick out my own tendency (I’m a repeater) and that of most of my students.

How does knowing your tendency help you improve your playing?  Here are some suggestions to help you work with, or through, who you are.

If you’re a rusher…

1.  Chanel your curiosity. Continue to explore, but set a duration and focus for your exploration: A month for bass repertoire, e.g., or a month for Handel, or a month for sixteenth-century divisions. Having a repertoire focus will help you carry from one piece into the next, even if you’re still cycling through them quickly.

2. Try an exercise.  Exercises and etudes, by definition, are designed to be repeated. Tackling one at a time, for an extended period, can be a good opportunity to flex your repetition muscles. (The ability to repeat takes time to develop, just like any other skill.)   

3. Perform.  There’s nothing like a performance to motivate you to work more deeply on something. This can be a “performance” during a lesson (teachers are great counterweights for both rushers and repeaters), an informal performance for your friends or family, or a public outing.  Having the deadline ahead of you will help you dig deep.

4. Commit in chunks.  Pick one piece to really work through- and then, with the rest of your daily practice time, cut yourself some slack follow your curiosity where it leads! 

If you’re a repeater….

Listen. Sometimes repeaters repeat because they’re not sure what else to play.  Broadening your listening (through CDs, Youtube, streaming services, online music libraries like Naxos etc.) can help you discover new and beautiful music.

Find a project. Repeaters tend to enjoy structure….so use a structured project to help you step outside of what you know.  Tackle all 12 Telemann Fantasias, or work your way through an anthology, or commit to learning three sonatas by composers who were heretofore unknown to you…the possibilities are endless. 

Shore up your reading.  Being a repeater often goes hand in hand with weak sight reading skills.  It’s a chicken and egg scenario: if you aren’t the best reader to begin with, you are more inclined to play what you know, which in turn means you aren’t getting as many opportunities to practice reading new work.  Carve out time to deliberately practice your sight reading- it’s the only way to improve.

Start small.  Commit to 10 minutes of reading or exploration per session, and then let yourself play what you love.

Happy practicing!

How to Turn Dislike into Opportunity

“I just don’t like that piece.”

I’ve said those words to at least three of my teachers, so it must be cosmic justice that I now hear them on the regular from my students.

As a young player, I used those words as a stamp, formalizing my rejection and excusing any weaknesses in my playing.

As a more experienced player –and now, as a teacher- I hear those words as an invitation and a challenge.  I don’t like that piece- yet.  My student doesn’t like that piece- yet.

Why don’t we like certain music?  Sometimes, we just don’t- there’s not much more to it than that. 

But a substantial portion of the time, we don’t like a piece because something about it makes us uncomfortable.  We may not be familiar with its style.  We may not comprehend what it is trying to achieve.  We may have technical difficulties with it.  And with music, discomfort almost always signals an opportunity for growth.

Thus, I propose that when you discover a piece you don’t much care for, instead of discarding it immediately, take my Fair Shake Challenge.  It’s a three-step checklist I designed to make sure you and I are making dislike work for us.

And if, at the end of the process, you still dislike a piece? Well, then it might not be to your taste.

 Fair Shake Step One: Time

 You know how a person might initially irritate you, but if you spend more time with him or her, you see more and more things to like?  It’s the same way with music.  If you’re not crazy about a piece, spend time really getting to know it inside and out.  If any of your discomfort was due to technical difficulties, more time will help to sort this out; you’ll also get a better feel for what the piece is and what it’s trying to do. 

Fair Shake Step Two: Information

Before you dismiss a piece, make sure you have approached it from an informed perspective.  Maybe there’s an underlying dance rhythm you’ve forgotten to think about, and the piece will snap into focus once you have. Or perhaps the piece has a structure informed by a popular chord progression or national style.  Or maybe you need to think about the piece’s harmonic structure, or where it fits within a composer’s oeuvre. Gathering information is where having a teacher can really shine, but you can do some of the research yourself. 

Fair Shake Step Three: Change

If you don’t like a piece, why not assume for a moment that what you don’t like is, in fact, the way you play it. So try something new.  Shift your tempo, or change your articulation.  Record yourself playing and listen back to see how you could alter your approach.  Listen to someone else, or many someone elses, playing your piece, and see how their approaches might inform yours.

 I went through this process recently with one of my least favorite Telemann Fantasias, No. 7, “Alla Francese.”  I practiced the piece every day for a month, trying out different tempos and articulations. I listened to recordings.  I thought about the influence of French music on the structure of the piece.  I recorded myself and played it back, listening critically, five separate times. Then I performed the piece six times in three days.

 And you know what? Now I like the piece.

Your One Sure Bet for the New Year

As someone who writes a blog focused on improvement, I am both impressed and intimidated by the number of ways in which it possible to get better!  The paths toward improved musicianship are close to limitless, and the goal posts are always, always just a few miles ahead.

That’s why it bemuses me to be able tell you that if you do only this one thing, and no other, to improve your recorder playing in 2019, you’ll still be miles ahead of where you were last year.

I’ll cut to the chase: Enjoy your air. 

That’s it! Three words! It’s simultaneously the simplest and most complex of musical resolutions, and it’s the one you should make today.

Why? I hesitate to say this before an audience of recorder players, but most instruments are more complicated than the recorder.   Pick almost any other instrument and you’re likely looking at reeds or keys or strings or pegs, apparati requiring attention and care.

The recorder, in contrast, is air moving through a stick with holes.  We’ve had instruments like it for millennia, whereas we’ve had, say, the saxophone for less than 200 years.

Many people assume the instrument’s simplicity means the recorder is simple to master (it isn’t, though one of its virtues is undeniably its accessibility during the earlier stages) or somehow deficient.  But simplicity is among the recorder’s greatest strengths.  Playing recorder is the closest you can come to singing without singing, and the voice of the instrument, that sound of air moving relatively unencumbered through it, is haunting.

This is easy to forget.  You get caught up in the minutiae of fingering or articulation, some particularity of ornamentation or phrasing, and you temporarily lose sight of the fact that your air is the best thing you have going for you. Get involved in executing something difficult, and your air is often the first thing to suffer.

And that’s too bad. Because air- and the enjoyment of the movement of air- is the recorder’s raison d’etre. It should be yours, too.

So enjoy your air. I guarantee you’ll enjoy your playing more.

Is it Time to Break your Habit?

Habits have been in vogue lately, spawning self-help bestsellers and pop Psych paeans.

Mostly, this literature trumpets the awesome power of habit and how habit can harnessed for good. And I’m definitely a believer!  After all, daily practice is the habit to which I owe my career.

 But there’s a dark side to habit, in that a bad habit, once it’s sunk in, can be particularly difficult to eradicate.

This plays out time and time again in my teaching, especially with students who were originally self-taught. Don’t get me wrong- I’m overjoyed that people are out there teaching themselves recorder. But I’m even more delighted when I get to help a student before bad habits have sunk in.

But let’s say I’m too late. Say a new student comes to me with an entrenched maladaptive thumb technique, a way of breathing that sets her up for tension, fingerings that are not in tune… the possibilities are endless!

In this case, the student and I have a decision to make.  Do we put forth the very considerable effort necessary to replace a bad habit with a good one?  Or do we let the habit slide?

The decision-making process is different in each case, but the questions we consider are similar:

How entrenched is the habit?

Fingering the E incorrectly for 30 years is different from fingering the E incorrectly for five months.  And in general, adults tend to have a more difficult time replacing bad habits than children do.  I’ll always push a child to change, and almost always push a near beginner. 

How damaging is the habit?

Here you need to consider the magnitude of both physical and musical damage. Holding the recorder with too much tension may cause physical damage in the long run, and that absolutely needs to be addressed. And playing the alto’s low B-flat without the pinky makes for tuning infelicity audible to the casual listener. In contrast, leaving the index finger off the high A is usually audible only to recorder teachers.

 What are the student’s goals?

It goes without saying that bad habits in a pre-professional player must be addressed.  But what about the adult amateur?  Here’s where the student and I really need to think about his goals.  Does the student want to be the best recorder player he can be?  Or is moment-to-moment enjoyment the student’s primary focus?

 What is the student’s tolerance for struggle?

Every student has a different tolerance for being uncomfortable- though this tolerance can be grown.  Some students enjoy the challenge of replacing a bad habit; others grit their teeth and bear it; a few find the process debilitating.

Does the student want to change the habit?

Here’s where the rubber hits the road.  As a teacher, I can encourage and guide and help to provide motivation for change, but at the end of the day, the student needs to be on board. Sometimes a student will say they are on board, but they really aren’t, or some part of them isn’t- and then we need to grapple with that.

How does this decision-making play out in real time? Let’s walk through a couple of scenarios:

1)   Student R came to me in her late 50s with three decades of amateur playing under her belt, including one brief stint of lessons from a non-professional player many years in the past.  Her breathing technique was underdeveloped and included a deeply entrenched habit of thoracic activation, resulting in poor support, short phrase lengths, and a wobbly tone. R was organized and enjoyed challenge and the process of improvement. She loved the bass recorder in particular, and wanted to improve her skills there.  Changing R’s breathing habits was an easy sell, especially when I explained how it would help her on the bass.  We took an organized approach, starting small using specific exercises to replace thoracic breathing with diaphragmatic breathing, and within a couple of years R’s tone was much better supported and she was able to play significantly longer phrases, resulting in a much more enjoyable musical experience for her and her ensemble.

2) Student B came to me in her mid 80s with many decades of amateur playing under her belt. She’d been taking lessons from another professional teacher until that teacher retired, but had retained a maladaptive thumb technique (if a student has had high-quality instruction but still hasn’t broken a bad habit, it’s a good though not infallible indicator that the student doesn’t want to make the change). Student B enjoyed coming to lessons and particularly enjoyed playing duets, but she confessed she didn’t practice much outside of her lesson time, and what’s more, she didn’t really want to.  Her primary goal was to enjoy making music.  We decided to leave B’s thumb technique alone and concentrate on exploring level-appropriate duet repertoire.

Do my students replace their bad habits?  In most, though not all, cases, the answer is yes.  Adults who take lessons are a driven, curious, and achieving bunch. They’ve already shown they are interested in becoming better players, and they tend to be up for a challenge. Replacing bad habits is seldom easy, but it’s almost always rewarding, and watching students take on the task is unfailingly inspiring.

Blue Apron Your Practice

Confession time: I am a rotten cook.  I dislike every part of cooking, from the shopping and meal planning to the mind-numbing chopping to the Sisyphean setting pf the table to the cruel parting lash of having to clean up. The only part of cooking I enjoy is eating, and these days there are a lot of ways to eat without enduring the drudgery of cooking.

Lately, though, I’ve tried out some meal kits.  You know the ones- pre-portioned ingredients delivered to your door alongside detailed instructions. And I’ll be darned if I haven’t actually managed to produce a few edible meals from these kits. It’s a culinary miracle!

Which got me thinking. If meal kits can get me into the kitchen, what could harnessing meal kit psychology do for those of us who struggle to practice?

Let’s steal a few moves from the meal kit playbook.

Pre-portion your ingredients:  A lot of the appeal of the meal kit is that it takes away some of the petty hurdles, or what user experience gurus call “friction,” of food preparation. So let’s take away the friction of practicing.  Leave your music stand out.  Leave your music open on the stand. Leave a plastic recorder already assembled within reach (or a disassembled wooded recorder close to hand). Make picking up your instrument and starting to play as effortless as possible.

Have a menu plan:  Deciding what to cook takes mental energy.  So does deciding what to practice. Before you end each practice session, write down exactly what you’re going to do in the next one.  I use a practice notebook for this purpose, but you could use a slip of a paper clipped to the music stand, a small whiteboard, or your phone.

Step by step instructions:  Meal kits tell you exactly what to do and when to do it.  Try writing out your “recipe” before you start practicing.  Want to work on tuning?  Make a step-by-step plan –some drone work, say, followed by interval work followed by recording and listening back.  Then execute.

Visualize your goal: The meal kit recipe cards have delicious looking pictures of the finished product on the front that keep me focused when I want to put down the (inevitable) scallions and pick up the takeout menu.  This is not an accident- visualizing your goal helps keep you working toward it.  Try listening to a CD of the piece you’re working on. Or visualize yourself performing ir to an appreciative audience!

If I can cook, you can practice.

Up Your Practice Game

We all want to get better at what we do. How we do that is the challenge. This month I have three words for you: specificity of learning.

Say what?

Time to get nerdy! The specificity of learning hypothesis is a 1968 chestnut from the field of motor learning.  I can already see your eyes glazing over, but bear with me a minute!

To shamelessly over-simplify, the specificity of learning hypothesis proposes this: For best result, your practice should look like your performance.

Motor learning is more complicated than that (1968 was a long time ago, and we’ve learned a lot since then), but I think specificity of learning is worth revisiting because it speaks to a phenomenon I’ve observed time and time again in my years as a performer and teacher:  

Most of the time, we get better at exactly what we practice- and we don’t get better at what we don’t.

Sure, there’s some carryover. Practice the alto and you’re in a better position to pick up the tenor.  Practice one sonata by Handel and you’ll have a better understanding of his style when it comes to tackling the next one.

But more frequently, in order to make efficient progress, you need to think in a granular way about the specific skills you want to rehearse.  If you don’t do this, and decide that practice is practice is practice, you’ll likely become frustrated when you happen upon a gap in your skill set.  

If you’ve never practiced sight reading with a whole note beat, for example, you’re going to be hard pressed to do it under pressure, even if you’re a quarter note ace.  I find that students who encounter a difficulty like this often over-generalize: they decide they are bad readers, or that playing with a whole note beat is inherently too difficult.   

In fact, this is a lesson in specificity of learning: in order to improve reading with a whole note beat, you need to practice reading with a whole note beat.  Students who decide a whole note beat is too hard are. forgetting about the years of practice they’ve already put in reading music with a quarter note beat- practice that worked! 

In my own playing, I’ve found that I’m much weaker in sharp keys than I am with flats.  After almost thirty years of practice, four or five or even six flats is not problem.  But five sharps? Run! This is a direct result of specific practice: recorder music tends to be written in flat keys, so over the years I’ve put in infinitely more hours with flats.

The payoff to thinking about specificity of learning is that you’re empowered to improve your skills. I spent a lot of time in sharp keys this summer- and I definitely improved my facility!  My students who have trouble with a whole note beat get more assignments with a whole note beat- and they improve!  Trouble with bass clef?  Practice bass clef. Trouble performing?  Practice performing.  Trouble finding your place again when you get lost? Practice finding your place again when you get lost.

Becoming a better recorder player isn’t a straight shot. It’s a million small -and marvelous- journeys.  Happy traveling.